A B S T R A C TThe morphology of each region is related to its landforms, the morphology of flat areas is related to inselbergs. The presence of inselbergs in desert and dry areas gives a special appearance to the morphology of these areas. The study of these landforms and the effective factors in their formation is considered a necessity in terms of regional development. According to the studies, various factors play a role in the formation of inselbergs, and the role of lithology seems to be more prominent. In this research, which was conducted with the method of field and library studies, we identified 18 inselbergs in Safi Abad plain and by studying them, we came to the conclusion that the inselbergs of this plain are mainly formed in sedimentary rocks such as limestone, conglomerate and sandstone. Among the geological formations, the largest and most diverse inselbergs in the Safiabad plain are formed in the mass conglomerate formation with good hardening because this formation is the most widespread in this plain. But the most typical inselbergs of this plain are formed in thick layered limestone. Because this formation is more resistant to erosion. Lar Formations including Limestone and Thick Limestone’s to Mass Dolomite and Delichai Formations have also played an important role in the formation of inselbergs in this plain. Although the extent of these formations is not significant, but due to their significant resistance to erosion and being far from these processes, they have caused the formation of evolved inselbergs in this plainExtended AbstractIntroductionInselbergs are ridges with a height of less than 500 meters formed with a steep slope in the plains. Their resistance to erosion has caused them to be considered capable players in the morphology of arid and semi-arid regions. Due to their uniqueness in desert areas, these areas are of interest to tourists, and the economic situation of these areas can be improved by attracting tourists. The prominence of inselbergs in desert areas has caused researchers to pay attention to their studies, the most important of which are the studies of Pye in Kenya (1984), Nenonen in Finland (2018), Luiza in Brazil (2021), Laetitia in Africa (2019), and Mashaal in Egypt (2020). Although the conditions for inselberg formation are available in some areas of Iran, and these landforms have given a particular face to the morphology of this country, no significant study has been done on them so far. This research attempts to investigate the role of lithology in inselberg formation in Safi Abad Plain by using library and field studies. MethodologySafi Abad plain in the northeast of Iran and North Khorasan province and in terms of geographical coordinates between 36-˚ 48-05 to 36-22-55˚ North and 37-57˚ East to 36-˚ 37-08 It is located at 57-58-11 east. Field and library studies were used to study the inselbergs of this plain. The entire region was surveyed in 2 years in the field studies, and 18 inselbergs were identified. Then, the location and extent of their expansion were determined. In the morphometry that was done as a survey, the minimum height, length-to-width ratio of inselbergs, and their distance from each other were measured with GPS. The study of the concepts, definitions, and effective processes in inselberg formation was done with the library method. The maps of this research were drawn with Adobe Illustrator software. Results and discussionInselbergs are diverse in terms of morphology; in the studied area, 18 inselbergs were identified, most of which are mixed. Most of them are rocky and have less vegetation. Regarding lithology, inselbergs are particular forms of igneous and metamorphic rocks, but some are also formed in other rocks. Although lithology plays an essential role in inselberg morphology, it cannot be claimed that inselbergs formed in the same formation have the same shape. Although the dominant lithology of the Safi Abad plain is formed from sedimentary rocks, due to the different resistance of its formations, the height, shape, and slope of the inselbergs of this plain are different in different parts of the region. The difference in these characteristics has caused the different shapes of the land in this plain. According to the studies of the most resistant formations of Safi Abad plain against erosion, limestone is a thick layer of chert mass formed due to the resistance against the erosion of the complete inselbergs.After this formation, the Lar formation consists of fine-grained uniform dolomitic limestone with thick to massive layering, which is more resistant; that is why many inselbergs in the region have formed in it. The third formation in terms of resistance is the Apsin-Albin unit, which includes orbitolinate limestone and thick limes to a mass of dolomite. Although this unit has a small area, its inselbergs are closer to typical inselbergs. In terms of area, most of the area is composed of mass conglomerates with good hardening. Due to the different effects of this formation from different processes, its inselbergs do not have the same morphology. The inselbergs formed in this formation are in the middle part of the high area, low in the southern part, incomplete in the western part, and incomplete mushrooms in the path of the Gerati River. After this formation, gray shales are the most resistant to erosion. This formation, which belongs to the Jurassic period, has formed a large part of the northeastern inselbergs. The alternation of limestone and marl in the Delichai formations in the middle part of the region provides the basis for the formation of mushroom-shaped inselbergs in the future. ConclusionSafiabad Plain is in the northeast of Iran, and in terms of geomorphological units, it is part of central Iran. Inselbergs form part of the morphology of this plain. In this study, 18 inselbergs were identified in this plain, and their detailed study showed that their primary skeleton was established by tectonic activities in the Devonian to Miocene period with the formation of Posht Bahram mountains. It was formed when the tectonic activities calmed down and in opposition to the lithology and erosion of the inselbergs of this plain. In terms of lithology, the well-hardened conglomerate formation covers nearly 47% of this plain, and due to its large size and different distances from erosion processes, various inselbergs have been formed in it. The southern inselbergs formed in this formation have a regular shape due to wind and blue erosion. In contrast, the middle inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the distance from higher erosion, and the western inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the superiority of blue erosion. Another formation that plays a vital role in this field is Lar Mei Formation. Although this is the second formation in terms of size and strength, many inselbergs have formed in it. The Shemshak formation is placed after the Lar formation in terms of resistance. This formation has caused the formation of chain inselbergs in the northeast of the region. The most typical inselbergs of the region are observed in the thick layered limestones of the formation (Maastrichtian). Also, this research found that inselbergs may be formed in all flat areas of the world and even in sedimentary formations. However, the inselbergs formed are far from those formed in tropical regions' igneous and metamorphic formations. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionThe authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestThe authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Deposits of terraces and alluvial fans are an important part of the sedimentary series of the Quaternary period that represents the characteristics of their upstream basins. In this study were determined 14 samples of these deposits were collected from the catchment of Kalshoor River in northeastern Iran. In each sample, geochemical and sedimentary characteristics, texture and particle size, element oxides of each of them were investigated. The particle size distribution of the sediments indicates average roundness, poor soreness and normal graining with sand, gravel and sandy gravel. The tectonic setting of these sediments on basing geochemical diagrams placed in the oceanic arc and continental arc setting. Also, determining the effect of weathering in the source area of these deposits using the chemical index of alteration (CIA) suggested the low degree of weathering and dry weather conditions in the source area.

IntroductionSalinity of water and soil resources is one of the most basic agricultural problems, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Identifying and domesticating salinity-resistant plant (halophytes) species with economic value is an important strategy for these regions.Materials and methodsThis research aimed to investigate the amount of elements and the quality of fodder in several Salicornia species under the influence of water salinity in a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design in pot culture conditions in Bojnourd (North Khorasan province) in 2018. Irrigation treatment was applied at two levels (brackish water and normal water), and Salicornia species treatment included four species (Salicornia persica, S. sinus persica, S. europaea, and S. bigelovii) and Salicornia var Markazi. The source of salty water was the Kal-Shoor River in Esfrain and the source of normal water was the well located in Research and Education of Agriculture and Natural Resurces Center in Bojnourd. Due to the high salinity of Kal-Shoor River, normal water was used to adjust the salinity to the treatment limit of 45 dSm-1. To produce seedlings, Salicornia seeds were planted in plastic combs for seedling production in April 2018. After 60 days, seedlings (10-15 cm) were transferred to pots. The irrigation circuit varied in different growth stages according to weather conditions, and irrigation was done by the weight method with the 80% moisture index of the pots.Results and discussionThe results showed that the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sodium and chlorine increased with the increase in irrigation water salinity in all species. The highest accumulations of sodium (11%) and chlorine (23.5%) were observed in S. sinus persica and the lowest amount of sodium (8.6%) and chlorine (21%) were observed in S. persica. Among the Salicornia species, the lowest amount of elements is related to potassium and phosphorus ions, which is mostly due to the limitation of the absorption of these elements under the influence of sodium ions, and as mentioned in the sources, the process of absorption of these elements increases gradually with the growth stages. Maintaining a more negative potential of the membrane is an important factor for salinity tolerance, considering that in saline soils, chlorine and sodium are the most common solutes, the absorption of sodium and chlorine ions is important for regulating osmotic pressure and cytoplasmic concentration. In this experiment, in both irrigation treatments, the most elements in all species were related to chlorine and sodium ions. Based on the measurement of quality variables of fodder, the percentages of protein, crude fat, and ash in salty water treatment were higher than those in normal water. The highest percentage of crude fat (1.32%) in S. var. Markazi was affected by saltwater treatment, which was significantly different from the other species. The highest percentages of protein in S. bigelovii and S. europaea under the influence of saltwater treatment were 6.06% and 6.31%, respectively, which were significantly different from the other species. The highest amounts of ash belonged to S. europaea (63%) and S. bigelovii (62%) in saltwater treatment, and S. sinus persica contained the least ash (49%) in normal water treatment. Although the increase in protein increases the quality of fodder, the increase in the amount of ash and crude fat causes limitations in animal nutrition and digestibility. Therefore, the increase of water salinity has a negative effect on the quality of fodder.ConclusionBrackish water treatment increased the amount of ash in all species to different proportions, which is a limiting factor for the pure consumption of salicornia in animal feed. Therefore, the relative reduction of water salinity and the selection of suitable species are effective in increasing the quality of fodder.On the other hand, the great ability of Salicornia species to absorb and store salts in their aerial parts provides the basis for the exploitation of their vegetative organs for the production of vegetable salt. Moreover, it is economically important along with other applications of Salicornia (production of fodder, oil, medicines, and protection).

The main purpose of this study was to explore the impact of climate on the changes made in the inselbergs of Safi Abad Plain. The ultimate aim of such a study is controlling the changes and make optimal use of geomorphological forms. The applied research used field study. After identifying 18 inselbergs it was found that Posht Bahram highlands of Safi Abad plain had been formed as a result of tectonic activities between the Devonian and the Miocene. Due the formation of the heights, the primary skeleton of the inselbergs had been created and the changes made by the weather have resulted in the current shapes of the inselbergs of the plain. Some climate elements have caused changes in the surface of the inselbergs of Safi Abad plain, among of which are the precipitation by creating rain and flood karrens, temperature through various types of weathering, and wind through creating honeycomb karrens. Moreover, geological formations of the region have also reacted differently to the climate processes. They have had different impacts on the surface of the inselbergs. The most typical inselbergs have been formed in the massive limestones of north as the geological formations more resist against the effects of climate. The inselbergs formed in the conglomerates of the south are, however, change more as their resistance is lower and their appearance is far from typical inselbergs. Moreover, the plain’s northern inselbergs, due to being located on the slopes receiving less sun, have undergone less changes against climatic factors, and the southern inselbergs of the heights have undergone more changes as they are located on the sunny slope.

The Present paper is an attempt to study and protect Persian dialects seem doomed to extinction. Tati is one of these dialects spoken by a few speakers in a village named Kal`asure near Kaleibar. Introducing Kal`asure, its geographical and human situation, people's life style, phonetic symbols and grammatical rules controlling noun and pronoun including gender, definition, number, agent, and verb agreement, singular or plural, noun cases, ergative, inflections are among issues presented in this paper. Post- Position is also dealt with in great details here. For each case, plenty of examples with their Farsi equivalent have been provided.

In "narrative semantics" theory of Greimas, the meaning is understood through discursive text segmentation. In this semantics process, the action and state as important conversation factors could form the main discourse and change the status to another form and after change modes. The action makes the intelligent discourse systems and the state makes emotional discourse systems. The sustainability in the story of "Habl-on Kal-Warid" can be studied from a new semantic perspective. In this discourse, Abu-Hani, the main story character, wants to change his spiritual status; this change occurs unconsciously at particular time and place by the young fighters. Feelings and perceptions, particularly auditioning, form this state process. On the other hand, sometimes, the action creates the story state, and the state creates the action. Intelligent and perceptional discourse systems interact with each other in "Habl-on Kal-Warid" tale and make different kinds of semantics; however, the main discourse is sentimental. Thematically, dominant discourse is ethics because of the tale's sustainability, morality and value.The aim of this paper is to study the semantic process and the narrative traits of "Habl-on Kal-Warid" story to achieve its main meaning functions and details.

This research on the history of Mirza Muhammad Kalantar Fars, a bourgeois character, is a historian of the Zandian era. His only publication is a work, called the newspaper, which the scholars disagree about its typology. Of course, what has been neglected in the commentaries on this work and its author, and the author seems to be the main source of controversies over the nature of the present work, is that the thought and historical thinking, the methodology and method of historiography, and some of the innovative and progressive political views And the sheriff's social, are not aware. Therefore, in this research, it is attempted to analyze the author's poetic system and his historiography thinking in the light of his political, social and cultural conditions, and his descriptive-analytical methodology and attributes of his historiography should be obtained. . The achievements of this research show that the macroeconomic effect of the axioms, religions, Islam, and moralisticism in the continuation of the tradition of historical historiography and in some ways such as the tendency towards simplification, a critical approach to government and governors, as well as a subjective and individualistic approach to socialism (Authorship) has a new approach that has a different effect in the field of Iranian historiography.

The history of atomism has begun from Ancient Greek. Greek atomism was materialist, causal, and Mechanical. Atomism whether the ancient atomism or modern version (after the seventeenth century), is regarded as a materialist theory. In medieval time, in the Islamic world, an atomistic theory was offered to explain nature by mū tiKallimū n, (Muʿ tazila and Aš ʿ arī ). Opposite of Greek atomists, Muslim atomists were theists and they were called mū tiKallimū n for begin devoted to Islam and Quran. Nonetheless, they have developed a theory that is similar in some aspects to the other atomistic theories; however, they were radical about God’ s omnipotence. In this paper, I investigate the metaphysical structure of Kalā m atomism in the respect that they are based on which belief, after a brief introduction. And then I analyze that those theist theorists developed a scientific account in physics, which protected their religious beliefs. I examine how the theory results in materialism and the exclusion of metaphysics, but not entailing atheism.

In this article, the authors provide an analytical assessment of the 'Ashura event, without focusing on the details. For this purpose, four elements of devotion to God, revolution, defense, and reform are considered, while the attention has been paid to the social and cultural background of Imam's uprising and the rationality behind it. A rationalistic approach to the 'Ashura uprising has been followed in this paper, emphasizing doctrinal and Kalami viewpoints.

Background: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) can be fatal without hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or kidney transplantation. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis participants confront many adverse eff ects due to both the disease course and the treatment program. Objectives: This study was done to analyze hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients’ problems. Methods: A qualitative exploratory study was used, and a purposeful sample of 55 hemodialysis and 47 peritoneal dialysis patients were interviewed. The data were collected through interviews. Initially, 12 open-ended questions were developed and used to stimulate discussions in interview sessions. Directed content analysis was used for the analysis of the transcribed data. After giving a code to each line or incidence, codes were then compared for similarity and diff erences, merged, and categorized. Results: Themes of fatigue, diminished ability, sleeplessness, wasting time, body impairments, travel, and free-time activities limitations, low blood pressure, displeasure and Gratifi cation with hemodialysis if peritoneal dialysis patients compliant of peritoneal catheter problems, peritoneal dialysis diffi culties and limitations, and Gratifi cation with peritoneal dialysis emerged. Conclusions: Hemodialysis problems and patients’ dependency on the hemodialysis machine and ward are at a high level, and patients’ Gratifi cation is at a low level. Peritoneal dialysis patients, who do not get the infection, are satisfi ed with the dialysis method, and the patients’ limitations and problems are fewer, and they are relaxed and have more freedom.